A Guide to English Relative Clauses (Who, Which, That)

Relative clauses are an essential component of English grammar, serving to provide additional information about a noun or pronoun in a sentence. They function as modifiers, allowing speakers and writers to create more complex and informative sentences. By incorporating relative clauses, one can enhance clarity and detail, making communication more effective.

These clauses typically begin with a relative pronoun, such as “who,” “which,” or “that,” and they can be either essential or non-essential, depending on the information they convey. The primary purpose of a relative clause is to specify or elaborate on a noun, thereby enriching the context of the sentence. For instance, in the sentence “The book that I borrowed was fascinating,” the relative clause “that I borrowed” provides crucial information about which book is being discussed.

Without this clause, the sentence would lack specificity, leaving the reader uncertain about the subject. Understanding how to use relative clauses effectively is vital for anyone looking to improve their writing and speaking skills in English. Are you ready for your next chapter? Your journey to fluent English begins here at NLS, Oslo’s trusted language school.

Summary

• Relative clauses provide additional information about a noun in a sentence.
• “Who” is used for people in relative clauses, both defining and non-defining.
• “Which” is used for things and animals in non-defining relative clauses.
• “That” is used for defining relative clauses and can refer to both people and things.
• Commas are used to separate non-defining relative clauses from the rest of the sentence.

The Use of “Who” in Relative Clauses

The relative pronoun “who” is specifically used to refer to people. It is employed when the antecedent—the noun that the clause modifies—is a person or a group of people. For example, in the sentence “The teacher who inspired me is retiring,” the clause “who inspired me” gives more information about the teacher, indicating which one is being referred to.

This use of “who” helps to create a more vivid picture in the reader’s mind, allowing them to connect with the subject on a personal level. Moreover, “who” can also be used in both essential and non-essential relative clauses. In essential clauses, it provides necessary information that defines the noun, while in non-essential clauses, it adds extra detail that could be omitted without altering the fundamental meaning of the sentence.

For instance, in “My sister, who lives in London, is visiting,” the clause “who lives in London” is non-essential; it adds interesting information but is not critical for identifying which sister is being discussed.

The Use of “Which” in Relative Clauses

The relative pronoun “which” is primarily used to refer to animals and things. It serves a similar function to “who,” but its application is limited to non-human subjects. For example, in the sentence “The car which I bought last year has broken down,” the clause “which I bought last year” specifies which car is being discussed.

This use of “which” allows for greater precision in communication, ensuring that the listener or reader understands exactly what is being referred to. In addition to its role in essential clauses, “which” is often found in non-essential clauses as well. For instance, consider the sentence “The painting, which was created by a famous artist, sold for millions.” Here, the clause “which was created by a famous artist” provides additional context about the painting but is not necessary for identifying it.

The use of commas around this clause indicates that it is non-essential, further clarifying its role in the sentence.

The Use of “That” in Relative Clauses

The relative pronoun “that” can be used to refer to both people and things, making it a versatile option in relative clauses. It is particularly common in essential clauses, where it introduces information that is crucial for identifying the noun it modifies. For example, in the sentence “The book that you lent me was thrilling,” the clause “that you lent me” is essential because it specifies which book is being discussed.

Unlike “which,” “that” does not require commas when used in essential clauses. This distinction is important for clarity; using commas with “that” can lead to confusion about whether the information provided is necessary or supplementary. For instance, saying “The book, that you lent me, was thrilling” incorrectly implies that the clause is non-essential when it is actually critical for understanding which book is meant.

When to Use Commas in Relative Clauses

Commas play a significant role in distinguishing between essential and non-essential relative clauses. An essential relative clause provides information that is necessary for identifying the noun it modifies and does not require commas. Conversely, a non-essential relative clause adds extra information that can be omitted without changing the overall meaning of the sentence and should be set off by commas.

For example, consider the sentence “The students who study hard will succeed.” Here, the clause “who study hard” is essential because it identifies which students are being referred to. In contrast, in the sentence “My brother, who lives abroad, is visiting,” the clause “who lives abroad” is non-essential; it adds interesting detail but does not affect the identification of “my brother.” Understanding when to use commas correctly can greatly enhance clarity and readability in writing.

Identifying Essential and Non-Essential Relative Clauses

Identifying whether a relative clause is essential or non-essential is crucial for proper punctuation and clarity in writing. An essential relative clause provides information that defines or restricts the noun it modifies; without this clause, the meaning of the sentence would change significantly. For instance, in “The car that I drive is red,” the clause “that I drive” is essential because it specifies which car is being discussed.

On the other hand, a non-essential relative clause offers additional information that can be removed without altering the core meaning of the sentence. For example, in “My dog, who loves to play fetch, is very energetic,” the clause “who loves to play fetch” adds detail but does not change our understanding of which dog is being referred to. Recognising these distinctions allows writers to construct sentences that are both informative and grammatically correct.

Common Mistakes to Avoid in Relative Clauses

When using relative clauses, several common mistakes can hinder clarity and grammatical accuracy. One frequent error involves confusing essential and non-essential clauses, particularly regarding comma usage. As previously mentioned, essential clauses should not be set off by commas, while non-essential clauses should be enclosed within them.

Misplacing commas can lead to misunderstandings about what information is critical versus supplementary. Another common mistake involves using incorrect relative pronouns. For instance, using “which” instead of “that” in an essential clause can create confusion about whether the information provided is necessary for identifying the noun.

Additionally, some speakers may mistakenly use “who” when referring to things or animals instead of using “which.” Being mindful of these common pitfalls can significantly improve one’s command of relative clauses.

Using Relative Clauses to Add Information

Relative clauses are an effective tool for adding depth and detail to sentences. By incorporating these clauses, writers can provide additional context that enriches their narratives or arguments. For example, instead of simply stating “I visited Paris,” one could say, “I visited Paris, which is known for its stunning architecture.” This addition transforms a basic statement into a more engaging and informative one.

Furthermore, relative clauses can help create more complex sentences that convey nuanced ideas or emotions. For instance, consider the sentence: “The musician who played at my wedding has released a new album.” Here, the relative clause not only identifies the musician but also adds an element of personal connection and relevance to the speaker’s experience. This ability to weave additional information into sentences makes relative clauses an invaluable resource for effective communication.

Punctuating Relative Clauses Correctly

Correct punctuation of relative clauses is vital for ensuring clarity and coherence in writing. As previously discussed, essential relative clauses do not require commas because they provide necessary information about the noun they modify. In contrast, non-essential relative clauses should be set off by commas to indicate that they offer supplementary information.

For example: “The novel that I read last summer was captivating.” In this case, no commas are needed because the clause “that I read last summer” is essential for identifying which novel is being referred to. Conversely: “The novel, which was published last year, received critical acclaim.” Here, commas are used because the clause “which was published last year” adds extra detail but does not change our understanding of which novel is being discussed.

Tips for Using Relative Clauses Effectively

To use relative clauses effectively, one should focus on clarity and precision. First and foremost, ensure that you choose the correct relative pronoun based on whether you are referring to people or things. Remember that “who” refers to people while “which” and “that” refer to things or animals.

Additionally, pay attention to whether your relative clause is essential or non-essential; this will guide your punctuation choices. Practising writing sentences with both types of clauses can help solidify your understanding and improve your overall writing style. Lastly, reading extensively can expose you to various examples of relative clauses in context, enhancing your ability to use them effectively in your own writing.

Practice Exercises for Relative Clauses

To reinforce your understanding of relative clauses and their usage, consider engaging in some practice exercises. Start by writing sentences using each of the relative pronouns: “who,” “which,” and “that.” Try creating both essential and non-essential clauses within your sentences. For example:
1. Write a sentence using “who” as an essential clause: “The artist who painted this mural…”
2. Write a sentence using “which” as a non-essential clause: “The sculpture, which was created by a local artist…” By actively practising these structures and experimenting with different contexts, you will become more comfortable with using relative clauses effectively. In conclusion, mastering relative clauses enhances one’s ability to communicate clearly and effectively in English. The courses offered at NLS Norwegian Language School in Oslo provide an excellent opportunity for learners to delve deeper into English grammar and usage. With experienced instructors guiding students through complex topics like relative clauses, participants can gain confidence in their language skills while enjoying a supportive learning environment. Whether you are looking to refine your writing or improve your conversational abilities, NLS offers tailored English courses designed to meet your needs and help you achieve your language goals.

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